How to compare these papers
Differentiate immune markers from patient outcomes. Full-length peptides, fragments and engineered variants should retain their original identities; shared naming does not establish equivalence.
This selected archive contains 10 notes in this topic. Groups describe study design, not a quality ranking or a complete systematic review. Publication year is the source paper year.
Questions to take to the original paper
- What material and experimental population were actually studied?
- What was compared, and which endpoint was measured?
- Were results neutral or conflicting, and what remains untested?
Mixed evidence
- Thymosin alpha 1 and microRNA chaperoning after chemotherapy
Thymosin alpha 1 · 2026 · Patient measurements were combined with dendritic-cell experiments and tumor-bearing mouse models to investigate an immune-signaling mechanism.
- Thymosin alpha 1 and orexin signaling: a proposed brain-immune axis
Thymosin alpha 1 · 2026 · Clinical biomarker observations were combined with genetic and experimental stroke models to examine a proposed neuronal receptor interaction.
Preclinical study
- Thymosin alpha 1 in CD8 cells: activation and exhaustion markers
Thymosin alpha 1 · 2026 · Cultured human CD8 cells were exposed to thymosin alpha 1 alone or with receptor stimulation; repeated stimulation modeled an exhausted phenotype.
- Thymosin beta 4 in acute kidney injury: MAPK pathway experiments
Thymosin beta 4 · 2026 · Mouse and cultured kidney-cell models used an inflammatory challenge, transcriptomics and a pharmacological pathway intervention.
Clinical trial
- Thymosin alpha 1 in liver failure: an open-label randomized study
Thymosin alpha 1 · 2026 · Seventy-three patients with hepatitis-B-related acute-on-chronic liver failure received standard care with or without thymosin alpha 1.
- TESTS: a larger thymosin alpha 1 trial with a neutral primary result
Thymosin alpha 1 · 2025 · The phase 3 sepsis trial found no clear evidence of lower 28-day mortality.
- TRACE: thymosin alpha 1 did not significantly reduce infected pancreatic necrosis
Thymosin alpha 1 · 2022 · A controlled trial tested a specific complication, rather than a broad immune-health claim.
- ETASS: interpreting a borderline early sepsis result alongside later trials
Thymosin alpha 1 · 2013 · The earlier single-blind trial illustrates why analysis method and confidence intervals matter.
- Thymosin alpha 1 in a hepatitis C pilot: a negative historical result
Thymosin alpha 1 · 1996 · The small placebo-controlled study did not show viral clearance or a sustained biochemical response.
Human physiology study
- Salivary thymosins in preterm infants: longitudinal biomarker trajectories
Thymosin beta 4 / beta 10 · 2026 · Repeated saliva samples from a small group of preterm infants were analyzed for thymosin forms and oxidation-related changes.
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